Dino Adisaputra's Primbon

Congratulating:

-Congratulations!
-Happy birthday!
-Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
-Merry Christmas!
-Happy New Year!
-Happy Valentine!
-Happy anniversary!

Expressing:

-Let me congratulate you
-My congratulations on your success
-Pretty good


Responding:

-Thank you
-Thanks, I needed that
-It’s very kind of you to say that
-Do you really think so ?


Compliment  is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

-On his/her general appearance
-If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
-When you visit someone’s house for the first time
-When other people do their best


Complimenting:

-What a nice dress!
-You look great.
-You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
-I really must express my admiration for your dance.
-Good grades!
-Excellent!
-Nice work!

Gratitude  is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking:

-Thank you very much
-Thank you for your help
-I’m really very grateful to you
-You’re welcome
-Don’t mention it
-It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
-I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
-I am grateful to your help

Surprise & Disbelief

is a feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression  that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something that we cant or impossible.
Suprising  amazement of something :

-Fantastic
-It’s great
-It’s terrific
-Wonderful !
-What a lovely flowers !


When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

- Do you know what?
- Believe it or not?
- You may not believe it, but …
- Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:

- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me.


Rensi   : Whose car is that?
Yeyen  : It's Tami
Rensi   : Are you kidding me?
Yeyen :  No, I'm not. I saw her riding that car this morning
Rensi   : What's surprise!

Tetty   : I heard the news about tiren. What is tiren, Diana?
Diana  : "Tiren" stand for "mati kemarin". It is chicken meat taken from a dead chicken. In other word, it is a corpse.
Tetty  : I can't believe this! How can people sell such chicken meat?
Diana : Some say, they want to get more bucks of money.
Tetty  : I don't think they should do it. They cheat the buyers.
Diana : More than that. They harm the buyers.
Tetty  : That's right!

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation.

They are Formal Invitation and Informal Invitation:

-Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal   invitation is written invitation. 

-Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation. 

-How to Write An Invitation?

Step 1
Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.

Example :
 Extending Invitation :
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleased come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting  Invitation :
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining /refusing Invitation :
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
  (If you declining an invitation, please give a reason)

Narative Text is like mythes and legends, short stories are narative because they are concerned with talking about the events. Other example of naratives writting are novels, cartoons, strips, and picture books.

Language Features: 

-Use of direct and indirect speech

-Use pronoun

-Use simple past tense

-Use noun phrases

-Use adjective

A narrative text has three elements or parts :

1. The orientation introduces main characters in a setting of place and time. It tells about : the story’s setting , the time when the story happens, and the main characters of the story.
2. The complications tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them. Series of events ( It includes situations, activities, or events that lead to the climax or complication. )
3. The Resolution tells the ending of the story (The complication or problem is solved here. It shows the end of the story, usually a happy ending ).

Example of Narrative Text:

The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.

The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.

At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.

One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.

The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.

Modals in the Past form it dhalam bhasa Indonesia ny adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.

Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall


a. Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Auliya : I’m having trouble with math.
Denis : Why don’t you ask Laila ?
             Perhaps she could help you.

b. Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibilities.
Example :
Kika  : Why is Villa taking the bus to get home.
Fina : He might get a flat time.

c. Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Bill    : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lina  : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.

d. Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Tommy : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Lili        : No, Not at all.

e. Should + Verb base
Example :
Nani : Peby , you should go to library now ?
Peby : O.k. 

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
We use quotation marks (“__________”) and it should be world for word

For Example :
Nicky said, “it’s hot Or “it’s hot, “Nicky said”

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words
that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect Speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech this is because we are usually talking about a time in the post and obviously the person who spoke or ginally spoke in the past.

Remember
The changing of tenses

For example:

Direct speech and Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Descriptive Text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

2. Text structure:

- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon 
   to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place
  being discussed  or describes parts, qualities or characteristic.
 

3. Language figures:

 - Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
 - The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
 - The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
 - The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
 - The use of material.
 - The use of relation and mental process.

4. Characteristic:

 - Use the simple present tense.
 - Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
 - Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
 - Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about
    the subject author.
 - Use action verbs.
 - Use adverbials to provide additional information.
 - Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

5. Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups

5. Example of Descriptive Text:


Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

Introducing it is a way of someone to introduce his or herself or introduce other people.
Let's learn how to introduce.

How Do You Introduce Yourself?
-Let me introduce myself , my name is Dino Adisaputra.
-Hello, I am Dino.
-Hello, my name is Dino Adisaputra. You call me Dino.


How Do You Introduce Other People?
-I would like to introduce Aldio.
-I would like you to meet Sean.
-Excuse me, let me introduce my new friend. Her name is Diky.
-By Dwi, this is Sean and Sean, this is Ny Dwi.

How Do You Close or End the Conversation?
-See you!
-Well, I should be going now.
-I'm sorry. Buy I have to go now.
-It's been nice talking with you. See you later!
-Well, I must be off now. I'll talk you later.

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

 
Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.